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高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞講解(2)
4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
�、儆脕�(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動(dòng)作;
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
�、诜彩遣荒苡糜诂F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
5.一般過(guò)去時(shí)
�、俦磉_(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?yàn)?
He often sang when he was a boy.
He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.
�、谟糜贗 didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。
I didn’t know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)
Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書”已成為過(guò)去的事了)
這一用法考生要特別注意。
注意：參看過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法②。
6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
①表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示);
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
�、诒硎緞�(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行;
They were still working when I left.
③用在兩個(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;
I was writing while he was watching TV.
�、苓^(guò)去計(jì)劃、安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);
He said she was arriving the next day.
⑤與always, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。
(參看現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法④)
Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.
�、捱^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)描繪故事發(fā)行的背景。
The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.
7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
①表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
�、诒硎緞�(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
�、圻^(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等動(dòng)詞)。
I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
我本來(lái)想昨天拜訪你的，但是下雨(讓我不能來(lái))。
注意：
▲過(guò)去完成時(shí)必須以過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻為基點(diǎn)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。因此只有在和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才用到它;
▲before, after本身表示時(shí)間的“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
He (had) left before I arrived.
8.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記�。�
▲will/shall do (側(cè)重將來(lái)行為，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事)
▲be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)
▲be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來(lái)時(shí)間連用)
▲be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法：
①現(xiàn)在看來(lái)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
Tom will come next week.
He will be here tomorrow.
�、谑挛锏墓逃袑傩曰虮厝悔厔�(shì)
Oil will float in water.
Fish will die without water.
③對(duì)將來(lái)某個(gè)動(dòng)作的安排、計(jì)劃
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
9.將來(lái)完成時(shí)
用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻(前)將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語(yǔ)，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
10.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
�、龠^(guò)去某一時(shí)刻后將要發(fā)生的過(guò)去動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語(yǔ)從句中);
She was sure she would succeed.
I thought you would come.
把一般將來(lái)時(shí)中的助動(dòng)詞變成過(guò)去式，便成了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)形式。
②表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
When he was young, he would go swimming.
注意：would與used to的區(qū)別：would只表示過(guò)去，不涉及現(xiàn)在，而used to表示“過(guò)去常常”要與現(xiàn)在比較，即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。
11.要求一定時(shí)態(tài)的固定的句型
①was/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，這時(shí)突然……)
I was reading a book when the bell rang.
②was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，這時(shí)突然……)
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.
�、跧t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.
We have been there three times.
如果句中有比較確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，則服從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的要求。
Last year I saw him many times.
�、躀t is/has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.
�、軭ardly… when…No sooner… than…
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.
�、轎t(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
III.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，一般說(shuō)來(lái)只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為"be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)變化為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，由"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may must, have to等)+be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式"構(gòu)成。
1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的適用范圍
�、佼�(dāng)我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。這時(shí)不用by短語(yǔ)。
This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。
②為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。
�、鄢鲇诓呗�、委婉、禮貌等不提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者
You are said to be active recently. 據(jù)說(shuō)你最近很活躍。
常用于如下句型：
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)……
It's reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道…… It's not decided that…尚未決定
It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為…… It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……
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